Arun Kannan. Show More. Views Total views. Actions Shares. No notes for slide. Rationalism Architecture 1. What is Rationalism? In that respect it represented a reaction to historicism and a contrast to Art Nouveau and Expressionism. From there, rationalism as a formal ideology began.
This movement was largely a rejection of the extremely fancy and ornate Baroque movement. The building was the design, composed of basic geometric shapes, functional space, and a logical aesthetic.
Total views 11, On Slideshare 0. From embeds 0. Number of embeds 3. Downloads Shares 0. Comments 0. Likes You just clipped your first slide! Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Visibility Others can see my Clipboard. Hence, Manfredo Tafuri states about work of Terragni as it is "undoubtedly merged with an atmosphere between metaphysics and futurism"1 The logical conclusion here is that architecture of abstraction is strange to historical and physical context, that it should be placed.
In fact, although many historians refuse to see Italian Rationalism as a movement that is connected with history and the past, it did. It can be seen in many realized buildings the connection that is called "contextual" architecture, among them Casa del Fascio in Como. Though the geometric form of buildings can be seen as a universal one, however, they create a particular response to the history, site and traditions.
To see the whole picture in architecture of Terragni's Casa del Fascio, the historical context of rationalism, political, socio-cultural time period will be taken into consideration. However, history tells us that architecture was always in between artistic expression and external factors, such as politics, different styles, and movements, Rationalist architects were not an exception in this case.
The conceptualization of space of Casa del Fascio with the relationship of Rationalist movement in Architecture in Italy sheers a light of contradictive and not easily identifiable direction.
However, it is impossible not to mention the Fascist regime's importance of rearranging the cultural, more precisely architectural state in the era. In other words, the focus will be to explore the building and draw a connection between designing a space and important factors about the period and understand the role of the building beyond Rationalist architecture.
Historical Context of Italian Rationalism Generally, the Italian Rationalism is difficult to ascribe to the modern history of Architecture, by which it belongs. And this is not only for the reason of political situation, in which it was born.
Rationalism movement, can be seen as traditional and conservative, that was difficult to describe as an avant-garde, on the other hand, it was so avantgardistic itself that was not appropriate to describe as a traditional one. This is the reason that makes the roots of the movement so triggering for research and understanding the idea behind Casa del Fascio in Como.
As from the beginning, Rationalism was more antitraditional and globally influenced movement, and only later the traditional Italian context was understood as an important factor of the movement. Frampton saw Rationalist architects interpreting the traditional architecture more than doing innovative ones. To look it deeply what was going on we can introduce "Gruppo 7" as an analogy of that period that was consisted architects among them Giuseppe Terragni, which in their texts and essays published in La Rassegna Italiana, spoke about the international process of art, criticizing the international in Italian architecture, absence of traditional approach, and stated that " Between our past and our present there is no contradiction", "Traditions are not vanishing but evolving".
The roots of the conception of antitraditional architecture, that does not respect the context traditional, cultural, physical, political, etc. And only later the role of mostly traditional context become valuable. After the World War I, the contemporary movement in Italian architecture from the beginning sees the relationship between traditions and architecture more as a transformation of already existing ideas behind already existing architecture. In other words, it was the process that has the contextualized traditions.
The socio-political atmosphere had its sign to this period's architecture mostly for Rationalism and the architect's point of views. This contradictive topic first should acknowledge the moral obstacles of architects during the period. As Giulia Veronesi states "difficulties in politics of Italian architecture" should be taken as individual's ethical questions. The architects, who try to make a new kind of architecture based on European culture, had to take into consideration unavoidable political state.
The reason behind Fascist avant-garde, Rationalism especially, is the impossible phenomena of an honest representation of moral and social work.
XX secolo; dagli anni Venti agli anni Ottanta. Franchetti Pardo. Roma, Modern Architecture: A Critical History.
London, Architettura I. Christian Marinotti Edizioni. Hence, it is important to state that rationalist buildings associated more with their inner ideology rather of their formal expression. Doing so, a new society should break their obsolete social systems and should be based on a new human sensitivity. The idea behind this new point of view was to create a society based on a shared moral value.
This kind of cultural background makes intellectuals to be more strong social responsibility. Architects acquired important social role that is directed toward society to contribute, produce and reflect their ideas toward public.
In fascist Italy, a difference can be seen as some architects intention of creating fascist scenography, and Rationalist, as Terragni who worked in the Fascist regime, engaged in making building environment with social function.
And I think my fathers, Terragni's and Libera's problem also was that and one of the other architects who worked for fascists. How then is it possible that Terragni with infilled of such a sensitivity, was a servant of Fascist?
Moreover, Rationalist architecture amongst others was promised to transform the political movement into a cultural revolution. In the works of architects who followed these conceptions traditions-history-context in their design processes, practice and theory were merged together in order to create an architecture.
In this principle designing the space including history become the way of imagining architecture, as it was not a mechanical process, but rather passionate understanding what can be basis of their design principles.
In its specific interpretation of the new architecture is obvious in the works of Giuseppe Terragni. In his projects, he metaphorically interpreted historical planning surrounded the project taking references of proportions of surrounded important buildings, and in this way, he contextualized his projects, and not only from outside but also inside. As Richard Etlin wrote " The works of Rationalists The building is becoming the continuation of the development and the part of the city.
Rationalism reduces any historical style in the concept of composition of space. In this basement is rationalism existed. Rationalism tries of understanding the context as a necessary and positive thing. The idea of "clear forms" is spreading not only for the new architecture but also for the background itself and finds its own interpretation of the past.
Scritto di notte. Modernism in Italian Architecture. The most powerful men have always inspired the architects; the architect has always been influenced by power. The most important point is what should be identified as the fascist State, or Mussolini or the National Fascist Party, there were no any guidelines or statements what is fascist in architecture. Hence, it is difficult to state what was the orientation in architecture in Fascist Italy.
However, Mussolini's rhetoric and vague statements about architecture directed toward supported modern architecture.
Riccardo Mariani studied Fascist new towns, and he stated in his debates over architecture and urbanism policies in Mussolini's period: "Mussolini had never defined what can contain the formulation of ideological system in a rational way"11 Moreover, another historian, A. Taylor, who studied this period stated: "Mussolini was a dictator, that never dictate"12 Understanding deeply the reasons of Rationalist architects especially Giuseppe Terragni's work Casa del Fascio cannot be done without analyzing the relationship between modern architecture and politics in Italy during Mussolini's regime The journal Quadrate was the cultural journal which was the attempt of transforming architecture in fascist Italy.
The discussions in the journal mainly focused on the architecture and how suitable it is for "fascist architecture". As David Rifking suggests us Quadrante supported by the prominent architects of Rationalism and moved it toward a new architecture in interwar Italy. Obviously, the attempt is not only the propaganda of political regime but also it introduced the Fascist state's ambitions of reshaping all the aspects of social life.
It was Rationalism that has supporters by politics, provided official support by the state for modern architecture, that nowhere in that period happened such thing. Building modern Italy : Italian architecture, Princeton Architectural Press. Milan, Quadrante, , cover To stress the ambitions of architects and other individuals attempts of giving importance to the regime in Italy we can look how Pietro Maria Bardi began to make exhibitions outside of Italy to make more popular it among others, especially among Italian emigrants outside of Italy.
There were a lot of attempts to make it more propagandistic in an international domain. The exhibited works included the Rationalist architecture mainly designed by the members of Quadrante, including Giuseppe Terragni's works.
The state recognized the works of Rationalists as a language between their own ideology and the possible implementation it into the public. The works of early period's Rationalist architects have clearly presented the modern architecture as a formal representation of the regime. Rationalism from the beginning merged, innovative technological aspects of the buildings, that was an attempt to show the industrial progress. In the early works of Terragni and other Rationalist architects attempt seemed to reinforce the architecture with the political regime, as architecture become a tool for the state's desire of seeing social life in all scales of metropolis, notion and region.
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